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What the file system is, and a typical organization / hierarchy.
Some high-level comparison to that of Windows.
Absolute vs relative paths.
Commands: pwd, cd, ls, mv, cp, mkdir, rmdir, rm
History: history
File Ownership and Permissions.

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Note

Within this and following sections, we have tried to make the descriptions and examples generic.
If you are following along as part of a scheduled training or bootcamp, where you see <project-name> replace this with the project name being used for the workshop (which changes) and <username> with your username.
Also, the hostname that you might see might change depending on the cluster you’re using.
If you are training independently, please use your own project folder, but contact arcc-help@uwyo.edu if you would like a copy of the files and directories used in our examples.

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Table of Contents

minLevel	1
maxLevel	1
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printable	true

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Ex: Starting in the home folder what is the relative path to the Jan folder?

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Answer:

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Answer

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arcc-t05/workshop/data/2023/Jan/

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:

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If you are following along as part of a scheduled training or bootcamp, please replace the <project-name> directory with the project directory you’ve been provided for your specific training/bootcamp. If you are training independently, please use your own project folder, but contact arcc-help@uwyo.edu if you would like a copy of the files and directories used in our examples.

Commands:

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title Answer
arcc-t05/workshop/data/2023/Jan/
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Commands:

Info
Commands are used to perform certain operating system tasks through the Command Line Interface, as directed by the

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interpreter (as opposed to a Graphical Interface Interpreter we would usually use).

Note

The next couple of parts list and briefly summarize the commands we will be covering within this section:

pwd, cd, ls, mkdir, mv, cp, rmdir and rm.

We will then follow up with examples on how to use them.

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<command --help>

Command

Description

pwd

Code Block
pwd: pwd [-LP] Print the name of the current working directory.

cd

Code Block
cd: cd [-L\|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] Change the shell working directory.

ls

Code Block
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]... List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default)

mkdir

Code Block
Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.

mv

Code Block
Usage: mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

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mkdir: Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist

Info
Navigating to you `/home` and make a folder called `folder01`.

Code Block
$ cd [~]$ ls Desktop Documents Downloads [~]$ mkdir folder01 [~]$ ls Desktop Documents Downloads folder01

Info
Try creating that folder again. What happens?

Code Block
[~]$ mkdir folder01 mkdir: cannot create directory ‘folder01’: File exists mkdir: cannot create directory ‘folder01’: File exists

Note
If a folder already exists, you can not make it again.

Info
Navigate into this folder and print the current working directory.

Code Block
[~]$ cd folder01/ [folder01]$ pwd /home/<username>/folder01

Info
If a folder already exists, you can not make it again.

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mkdir: Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already existmkdir: Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist

Info

Within folder01, try creating two new folders called folder02 and folder03.

Navigate into folder02 and print the current working directory.

Code Block
[folder01]$ mkdir folder02 folder03 [folder01]$ ls folder02 folder03 [folder01]$ cd folder02/ [folder02]$ pwd /home/<username>/folder01/folder02 [folder02]$ cd ../.. [~]$ pwd /home/<username>

Info
Notice: You can create multiple folders at the same time.

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mv: Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORYs) to DIRECTORY

Info

Renaming a file is the same as moving it to a new name.

Navigate to your home and create a file called myfil.txt

Code Block
[]$ $ cd # Create an empty file. [~]$ touch myfil.txt [~]$ ls Desktop Documents Downloads folder01 myfil.txt # Rename the file ‘myfil.txt’ to ‘myfile.txt’:

Info
Move this file from `myfil.txt` to `myfile.txt`.

Code Block
[~]$ mv myfil.txt myfile.txt [~]$ ls Desktop Documents Downloads folder01 myfile.txt

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mv: Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

Code Blockinfo

#

Move

the

file ‘myfile.txt’ into the directory ‘folder01’

myfile.txt into folder01.

Code Block
[~]$ mv myfile.txt folder01/ [~]$ ls Desktop Documents Downloads folder01 # Demonstrate how to ‘ls’ what is in a relative folder. [~]$ ls folder01/ folder02 myfile.txt

Info
Notice how we used `ls` to see what is in a relative folder.

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cp: Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

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to DIRECTORY

Info
Navigate back home and create a file called `myfile02.txt`.

Code Block
[]$ cd [~]$ touch myfile02.txt [~]$ ls Desktop Documents Downloads folder01 myfile02.txt # Copy

Info

Copy (duplicate)

this file to a

new file

.

called myfile02b.txt.

Code Block
[~]$ cp myfile02.txt myfile02b.txt [~]$ ls Desktop Documents Downloads folder01 myfile02b.txt myfile02.txt # Copy a file into an existing folder.

Info
Copy file `myfile02b.txt` into the existing `folder02` folder.

Code Block
[~]$ cp myfile02b.txt folder01/ [~]$ ls folder01/ folder02 folder02folder03 myfile02b.txt myfile.txt

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cp: folders

Info
Navigate home and try copying the `folder01` folder.

Code Block

[~]$ cp folder01
cp: missing destination file operand after 'folder01'
Try 'cp --help' for more information.

[~]$ ls folder01
folder02  myfile02b.txt  myfile.txt

[~]$ cp folder01 folder03folder04
cp: -r not specified; omitting directory 'folder01’

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Code Block
[~]$ cp –r folder01 folder03folder04 [~]$ ls Desktop Documents Downloads folder01 folder03folder04 myfile02b.txt myfile02.txt [~]$ ls folder03folder04 folder02 myfile02b.txt myfile.txt

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rmdir: Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty

Info
The `rmdir` command can only be used to remove an empty directory.

Code Block

[~]$ ls 
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  folder01  folder03folder04  myfile02b.txt  myfile02.txt
[~]$ mkdir folder04folder05
[~]$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  folder01  folder03folder04  folder04folder05  myfile02b.txt  
myfile02.txt

# Can remove folder04folder05 since it is empty.
[~]$ rmdir folder04folder05
[~]$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  folder01  folder03  myfile02b.txt  myfile02.txt

[~]$ rmdir folder03folder04/
rmdir: failed to remove 'folder03folder04/': Directory not empty

Info
You can not use `rmdir` to remove a directory that has files still within it. The folder must be empty.

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rm: Remove (unlink) the FILE(s)

Info
Look at one way at removing a folder that itself contains folders and files.

Code Block

[~]$ cd
[~]$ cd folder03folder04
[folder03folder04]$ ls
folder02  myfile02b.txt  myfile.txt

[folder03folder04]$ ls folder02/
[folder03folder04]$
# ‘folder02’ is empty.
[folder03folder04]$ rmdir folder02/

[folder03folder04]$ ls
myfile02b.txt  myfile.txt
[folder03folder04]$ rm myfile.txt 
[folder03folder04]$ ls
myfile02b.txt
[folder03folder04]$ rm myfile02b.txt

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rm: Remove (unlink) the FILE(s)

Code Block

[folder03folder04]$ ls
[folder03folder04]$
# ‘folder03’‘folder04’ is now empty.
[folder03folder04]$ cd ..
[~]$ rmdir folder03folder04/
[~]$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  folder01  myfile02b.txt  myfile02.txt
# This has taken a lot of individual steps.
# Can we do this

Note

This has taken a lot of individual steps.

Can we do this quicker?

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rm: folders and file(s)

Info
Take a further look at the `rm` command.

Code Block
[~]$ cd [~]$ rm folder01/ rm: cannot remove 'folder01/': Is a directory

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Code Block

[~]$ rm -r folder01/
[~]$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  myfile02b.txt  myfile02.txt
# Can remove multiple files.
[~]$ rm myfile02b.txt myfile02.txt 
[~]$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads
# Alternatively we could have removed above 2 files with: rm myfile* 
# * is a wildcard, so the rm myfile* will remove all starting with the characters "myfile"

Info

Alternatively we could have removed the above 2 files with: rm myfile*

The * character is a wildcard, so the rm myfile* will remove all starting with the characters myfile

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rm: WARNING

From the command-line there is NO trash bin!

Using rm/rmdir is FINAL!

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history

Info
The `history` command allows you to look back at the last commands you’ve called.

Code Block

[~]$ history --help
history: history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...]
    Display or manipulate the history list.
    ...
[~]$ history 
  ...	
  219  rm -f folder01/
  220  rm -r folder01/
  221  ls
  222  rm myfile02b.txt myfile02.txt 
  223  ls
  224  history
# Repeat command ‘223’

Info
You can repeat a command. Lets repeat the command labelled `223`:

Code Block
[<username>@blog1 ~]$ !223 ls Desktop Documents Downloads

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Info

Questions:

How can you return to your home folder?
What command do you use if you’ve forgotten where you are in the folder hierarchy?
How can you list what is in a folder as well as any subfolders?
Go back through the command related slides are try for yourself.

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Note
Only user `<arcc-usernameusername>` can read/write this file. No one else, not even anyone within the `<project-name>` group, can view this file.

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Exercises:

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Permissions

Info

Questions: In all cases be able to justify your answer.

Can you create a folder under /project/<project-name>/username>/?
Can you /project/<project-name>/intro_to_linux/ and view workshop_all.txt?
Can you /project/<project-name>/intro_to_linux/ and view workshop_me.txt?
Can you cd into the /opt folder?
Can you cd into the /root folder?

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Expand

title	Answer

Code Block
[<username>]$ cd /root -bash: cd: /root: Permission denied [<username>]$ ls -l / ... # No permission set for other read permissions dr-xr-x---. 17 root root 4096 Oct 4 12:58 root

No. There are no permissions set for other read permissions.

Code Block
dr-xr-x---. 17 root root 4096 Oct 4 12:58 root

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Previous

Using the Terminal

Workshop Home

Intro to Linux CLI: The File System

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Summary

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Key

Ex: Starting in the home folder what is the relative path to the Jan folder?

Answer:

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Answer

:

Commands:

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title Answer
arcc-t05/workshop/data/2023/Jan/
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Commands:

<command --help>

mkdir: Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist

mkdir: Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already existmkdir: Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist

mv: Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORYs) to DIRECTORY

mv: Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

cp: Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

to DIRECTORY

cp: folders

rmdir: Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty

rm: Remove (unlink) the FILE(s)

rm: Remove (unlink) the FILE(s)

rm: folders and file(s)

rm: WARNING

history

Exercises: Navigation

Exercises:

Permissions

Page Comparison

Versions Compared

Old Version 24

New Version Current

Key

Ex: Starting in the home folder what is the relative path to the Jan folder?

Answer:

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Answer

:

Commands:

ExpandtitleAnswerarcc-t05/workshop/data/2023/Jan/Image Added...

Commands:

<command --help>

mkdir: Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist

mkdir: Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already existmkdir: Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist

mv: Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORYs) to DIRECTORY

mv: Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

cp: Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

to DIRECTORY

cp: folders

rmdir: Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty

rm: Remove (unlink) the FILE(s)

rm: Remove (unlink) the FILE(s)

rm: folders and file(s)

rm: WARNING

history

Exercises: Navigation

Exercises:

Permissions

Expand
title Answer
arcc-t05/workshop/data/2023/Jan/
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