Introduction: Introduce users to typing commands using the command line to work with the Linux operating system. Focusing on hands-on exercises, it will introduce the basic structure and use of the file system, and how to find help.

Course Goals

To introduce users (who have never used Linux) to the Linux OS and command line environment.
Use basic Linux commands from a command line interface within a terminal.
How to find help on a particular command.
Understand what a File System is and be able to navigate around, list folder contents, create folders, move, copy and delete files/folders.
Introduce file/folder permissions and ownership.

01 Getting Started

01.01 Getting Started: What is Linux and Linux Distributions (distro)

What is an Operating System?

When you turn your device on, it boots up the operating system, which manages the communication/interface between your applications and the hardware it is running on.

What is Linux?

Linux is an Operating Systems – similar to Windows, Mac OS, iOS, Android.
Linux is open-source – freely available – so you can download, modify and redistribute.
Due to this there are 10s of varieties of Linux Distributions (distros):
- Debian
  - Ubuntu (based on Debian)
- Fedora
  - Amazon Linux 2
- Commercial: Red Hat (which we are using today)
  - Rocky Linux
There is a lot of commonality across these distros.

01.02 Getting Started: Types of Environments

Types of Environment:

Desktop: Windows type Graphical User Interface (GUI) - mouse point and click.
Terminal: Program that opens a graphical window and runs a:
- Shell which is a command interpreter that processes the typed commands.
  - Interface to the OS.
  - Provides a Command-Line Interface (CLI) – text-based input/output.
  - Different Shells share common commands, but syntax and behavior can be different.

02 Using the Terminal

What does a prompt look like?
General syntax of shell command.
Commands/options are case sensitive.
Getting Help:
- Man pages (man)
- Options: <command> --help

02.01 Login

Open up Chrome
Navigate to: https://southpass.arcc.uwyo.edu/
Start Beartooth Shell Access

02.02 Download Slides

02.03 The Command-Line Prompt

02.04 Syntax of a Shell Command

02.05 Case Sensitive

# Lists what is in the current location.
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads

# Throws an error.
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ LS
-bash: LS: command not found

Filename  ≠  FiLeNaMe  ≠  FILENAME

02.06 Getting Help: man

[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ man ls
LS(1)                                     User Commands                                     LS(1)
NAME
       ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
       List  information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).  Sort entries alpha‐
       betically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
       Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
       -a, --all
              do not ignore entries starting with .
       -A, --almost-all
              do not list implied . and ..
       ...
Manual page ls(1) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)

02.07 Getting Help: <command --help>

[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
  -a, --all                  do not ignore entries starting with .
  -A, --almost-all           do not list implied . and ..
      --author               with -l, print the author of each file
  -b, --escape               print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
      --block-size=SIZE      with -l, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them;
                               e.g., '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
  -B, --ignore-backups       do not list implied entries ending with ~

02.08 Getting Help: Options

Typically, options can have a:

short-name: “-a”:
- Single letter following a single “-”
long-name: “--all”:
- More descriptive word after two dashes “--”

Short options can be grouped:

“ls -a –l” can be shortened to “ls –al”

02.09 Single vs Multiple Lines

[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls -al ~

[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls \
> -al \
> ~

02.10 Exercises

Questions:

Is there a difference between running ls versus ls -al?
How can you find out what the –al options do?
What does the pwd command do?
From the command line, what happens if you press the up/down arrow keys?

02.11 Answers

Is there a difference between running ls versus ls -al?

[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads

[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls -al
total 76
drwxr-x---   8 arcc-t05 arcc-t05  4096 Oct  3 13:57 .
drwxr-xr-x 925 root     root     32768 Sep 27 16:21 ..
-rw-------   1 arcc-t05 arcc-t05   212 Sep 12 15:44 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--   1 arcc-t05 arcc-t05    18 Aug 10 17:00 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--   1 arcc-t05 arcc-t05   141 Aug 10 17:00 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--   1 arcc-t05 arcc-t05   376 Aug 10 17:00 .bashrc
drwx------   3 arcc-t05 arcc-t05  4096 Sep 12 11:36 .config
drwxr-xr-x   2 arcc-t05 arcc-t05  4096 Aug 10 17:00 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x   2 arcc-t05 arcc-t05  4096 Aug 10 17:00 Documents

02.12 Answers

How can you find out what the –al options do?

Use man ls or ls --help
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-l use a long listing format

Options are also case sensitive:

[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls -A
.bash_history  .bash_profile  .config  Documents  .emacs     .kshrc    .mozilla  .zshrc
.bash_logout   .bashrc        Desktop  Downloads  .esd_auth  .lesshst  .sshWhat does the pwd command do?

What does the pwd command do?

Use man pwd or pwd --help
pwd - print name of current/working directory

From the command line, what happens if you press the up/down arrow keys?

Steps through the previous commands you’ve typed.

03 File System

What the file system is, and a typical organization / hierarchy.
Some high-level comparison to that of Windows.
Absolute vs relative paths.
Commands: pwd, cd, ls, mv, cp, mkdir, rmdir, rm
History: history
File Ownership and Permissions.

03.01 Some high-level comparison to that of Windows.

	Windows	Linux
Structure	Uses (data) drives C:, D:, E:…	Uses a tree hierarchy starting at “`/`” Known as the root directory.
	`<drive>\<folder01>\<folder02>`	`/<folder01>/<folder02>`
Syntax	Uses the back slash: “\”	Uses the forward slash: “/”
Home folder	`C:\Users\<username>`	`/home/<username>`
Application Install	`C:\Program Files\`	`/usr/`
Folder and Filenames	Case insensitive: FoLdEr = FOLDER	Case sensitive: FoLdEr ≠ FOLDER
		Wherever you are within the hierarchy is known as your current working directory (cwd)

03.02 Linux Hierarchical Structure: Example

03.03 Absolute Path: /home/arcc-t05/

Path starts with a “/”

03.04 Absolute Path: /home/arcc-t05/workshop/projects/p01/etc/

03.05 Relative Path: workshop/projects/p01/etc/

Path does not start with a “/”

03.06 Relative Path: p01/etc/

03.07 Ex: Starting at / (root), what is the absolute path to the bits folder?

03.08 Ans: /usr/include/bits/

03.09 Ex: Starting in the home folder what is the relative path to the Jan folder?

03.10 Ans: arcc-t05/workshop/data/2023/Jan/

03.11a Commands: <command --help>

Command	Description
pwd	pwd: pwd [-LP] Print the name of the current working directory.
cd	cd: cd [-L\|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] Change the shell working directory.
ls	Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]... List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default)
mkdir	Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.
mv	Usage: mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

03.11b Commands: <command --help>

Command	Description
cp	Usage: cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
rmdir	Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.
rm	Usage: rm [OPTION]... [FILE]... Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).

03.12 pwd: Print the name of the current working directory.

# Reset: Type the following:
[arcc-t05@blog1 ???]$ cd

[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$
# The ~ “tilda” character represents your home directory.

[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ pwd
/home/arcc-t05

03.13 cd: Change the shell working directory.

# Reset: cd
# Move up one level.
# Move into the folder’s parent.
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ cd ..
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ pwd
/home

[arcc-t05@blog1 home]$ cd ..
[arcc-t05@blog1 /]$ pwd
/
# In the ‘root’ folder
[arcc-t05@blog1 /]$ ls

# Are we defining an absolute 
# or relative path?
[arcc-t05@blog1 /]$ cd opt
[arcc-t05@blog1 opt]$ pwd
/opt

# Change back to home.
[arcc-t05@blog1 opt]$ cd
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$

# Are we defining an absolute 
# or relative path?
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ cd /usr/include/asm
[arcc-t05@blog1 asm]$ pwd
/usr/include/asm

[arcc-t05@blog1 asm]$ cd ../..
[arcc-t05@blog1 usr]$ pwd
/usr

[arcc-t05@blog1 usr]$ cd
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]

03.14 ls: List information about the FILEs (cwd by default)

# Reset: cd
# List files in the user’s home folder.
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls

# List long format that includes ownership and permission details.
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls -l

# List all files, including hidden files and folders start with “.”.
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls –a

# Notice how ‘short-name’ options are grouped.
# List all files with long format.
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls –al

# List all files with long format, in reverse order.
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls –alr

# List all files with long format, in reverse order, in human readable form.
[arcc-t05@blog1 ~]$ ls –alrh

03.15 mkdir: Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.

$ cd
[~]$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads

[~]$ mkdir folder01
[~]$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  folder01

[~]$ mkdir folder01
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘folder01’: File exists

[~]$ cd folder01/
[folder01]$ pwd
/home/arcc-t05/folder01

[folder01]$ mkdir folder02
[folder01]$ ls
folder02

[folder01]$ cd folder02/
[folder02]$ pwd
/home/arcc-t05/folder01/folder02

[folder02]$ cd ../..
[~]$ pwd
/home/arcc-t05

Headers and Sections

Each sections should start with a header of ‘Heading 1’. This helps to make sure that the Table of Contents operates like an agenda. Also it helps when we “advance a slide” it jumps to the top of the section. Each section should be limited in length to no more than 14 lines of straight text to ensure that when presenting it can be viewed as a “Slide”.

This is 14 lines. A.K.A. the End

Code Examples

Two Column Tables are nice ways to separate content/ Background info along with a code example on the same “Slide”. Please notice the table width. This should stop scroll bars from appearing

Bullets are nice to include for distinct points
yep
they
sure
are
This is 14 lines

Please use the "code snippet" in the + button when creating code examples. 
Also please do not go past the width of the table. 
This is to prevent scroll bars appearing This is the Max number of code lines to show an example

Straight Code - No context















Limit to 16 lines in the example. This is the end

Same Thing With Images

Two Column Tables are nice ways to separate content/ Background info along with an image example on the same “Slide”. Please notice the table width. This should stop scroll bars from appearing

Bullets are nice to include for distinct points
yep
they
sure
are
This is 14 lines

Alternatively No Table

Finally The End

Link to Previous sub-module or Home Module

Align left link to next sub-module or home

Intro to Linux Command-Line: The File System